FMS
Image Data Processing
IODP logging contractor: USIO/LDEO
Hole: U1352B
Expedition: 317
Location: Canterbury Basin (SW Pacific Ocean)
Latitude: 44° 56.2558' S
Longitude: 172° 1.3630' E
Logging date: December 4-5, 2009
Sea floor depth (driller's): 354.6 m DRF
Sea floor depth (logger's): 355.5 m WRF (APS/HLDS/GPIT/HNGS)
Total penetration: 1185.5 m DRF (830.9 m DSF)
Total core recovered: 614.3 m ( 74 % of cored section)
Oldest sediment recovered: late Pliocene
Lithology: mud, sandy mud, and muddy sand
FMS Pass 1: 124.5 - 439 m WMSF
The
FMS (Formation MicroScanner) maps the conductivity of the borehole wall with a
dense array of sensors. This provides a high resolution electrical image of the
formation which can be displayed in either gray or color scale. The purpose of
this report is to describe the images from IODP Expedition 317 and the steps
used to generate them from the raw FMS measurements.
The FMS tool records electrical images using four pads, each with an array of 16 buttons, which are pressed against the borehole wall. The tool provides approximately 25% coverage of the borehole wall in a 10-inch diameter borehole. The tool string also contains a triaxial accelerometer and three flux-gate magnetometers (in the GPIT, General Purpose Inclinometry Tool) whose results are used to accurately orient and position the images. Measurements of hole size, cable speed, and natural gamma ray intensity also contribute to the processing.
Data Quality
The FMS images are generally of poor quality for the upper half of the hole due to the bad hole condition (hole size >19.5"). The lower half of the hole was ratty with a highly variable diameter, ranging from 14-19.5". The irregular and elliptical shape of the borehole prevents the FMS pads from being in direct contact with the formation, resulting in blurred images. Hence, the FMS images (and the high-resolution resistivity logs) of this hole should be used with caution. Also, due to a moment of FMS cutoff during pass 2, there is a gap in the image data between the depth interval of 365-374 m WMSF.
The sea state was relatively calm with a peak-to-peak heave of ~ 0.4 m, so the wireline heave compensator was not used.
Image Processing
Processing is required to convert the electrical current in the formation, emitted by the FMS button electrodes, into a gray or color-scale image representative of the conductivity changes. This is achieved through two main processing phases: data restoration and image display.
1) Data Restoration
Speed correction
The data from the z-axis accelerometer is used to correct the vertical position of the data for variations in the speed of the tool ('GPIT speed correction'), including 'stick and slip'. In addition, 'image-based speed correction' is also applied to the data: the principle behind this is that if the GPIT speed correction is successful, the readings from the two rows of buttons on the pads will line up, and if not, they will be offset from each other (a zigzag effect on the image).
Equalization
Equalization is the process whereby the average response of all the buttons of the tool are rendered approximately the same over large intervals, to correct for various tool and borehole effects which affect individual buttons differently. These effects include differences in the gain and offset of the pre-amplification circuits associated with each button, and differences in contact with the borehole wall between buttons on a pad, and between pads.
Button correction
If the measurements from a button are unreasonably different from its neighbors (e.g. 'dead buttons') over a particular interval, they are declared faulty, and the defective trace is replaced by traces from adjacent good buttons.
EMEX voltage correction
The button response (current) is controlled by the EMEX voltage, which is applied between the button electrode and the return electrode. The EMEX voltage is regulated to keep the current response within the operating range. The button current response is divided by the EMEX voltage to give the relative conductivity of the formation.
Depth-shifting
Each of the logging runs is 'depth-matched' to a common scale by means of lining up distinctive features of the natural gamma log from each of the tool strings. If the reference logging run is not the FMS tool string, the depth shifts determined during the standard data processing are applied to the FMS images. The position of data located between picks is computed by linear interpolation. Often, for short logged intervals, a single 'block shift' is sufficient to depth-match the FMS data to the reference log. During this processing, the FMS images were depth-matched via P1AZ logs after they were depth-shifted to the sea floor (- 355.5 m WRF).
A high-resolution conductivity log is then produced from the FMS data by averaging the conductivity values from the 64 button electrodes. This enables the FMS data to be plotted using common graphing applications and more easily used in numerical analyses (e.g. spectral analysis). Specifically, the FMS conductivity values are averaged over each of the four pads and over five 0.254-cm depth levels to produce a file with 1.27-cm sample interval containing the total (4-pad, 64-button) average conductivity value, plus the 16-button averages from each of the four pads. Note that the conductivity values are un-scaled and more accurate (but lower vertical resolution) values are given by the resistivity logs from the DIT resistivity tool.
2) Image Display
Normalization
Once the data is processed, both 'static' and 'dynamic' images are generated; the differences between these two types of image are explained below. Both types are provided online.
In 'static normalization', a histogram equalization technique is used to obtain the maximum quality image. In this technique, the resistivity range of the entire interval of good data is computed and partitioned into 256 color levels. This type of normalization is best suited for large-scale resistivity variations.
The image can be enhanced when it is desirable to highlight features in sections of the well where resistivity events are relatively subdued when compared with the overall resistivity range in the section. This enhancement is called 'dynamic normalization'. By rescaling the color intensity over a smaller interval, the contrast between adjacent resistivity levels is enhanced. It is important to note that with dynamic normalization, resistivities in two distant sections of the hole cannot be directly compared with each other. A 2-m normalization interval is used.
Oriented presentation
The image is displayed as an unwrapped borehole cylinder. Several passes can be oriented and merged together on the same presentation to give additional borehole coverage if the tool pads followed a different track. A dipping plane in the borehole will be displayed as a sinusoid on the image; the amplitude of this sinusoid is proportional to the dip of the plane. The images are oriented with respect to north; hence the strike of dipping features can also be determined.
Interested scientists are welcome to visit one the log interpretation center at LDEO if they wish to use the image generation and interpretation software.
Additional information about the drilling and logging operations can be found in the Operations and Downhole Measurements sections of the expedition report, Proceedings of the Integrated Drilling Program, Expedition 317. For further questions about the logs, please contact:
Tanzhuo Liu
Phone: 845-365-8630
Fax: 845-365-3182
E-mail: Tanzhuo Liu
Cristina Broglia
Phone: 845-365-8343
Fax: 845-365-3182
E-mail: Cristina Broglia