UBI Image Data Processing

 

 

IODP logging contractor: USIO/LDEO

Hole: U1440B

Expedition: 352

Location: Izu-Bonin Forearc (Philippine Sea)

Latitude: 28° 26.9976' N

Longitude: 142° 45.2244' E

Logging date: August 25-26, 2014

Sea floor depth (driller's): 4785.8 m DRF

Sea floor depth (logger's): 4780.5 mWRF (FMS/DSI/GPIT/EDTC-B/HNGS Pass 2)

Total penetration: 5169.4 m DRF (383.6 m DSF)

Total core recovered: 34.71 m (12.3%)

Oldest sediment recovered: no data available

Lithologies:  Volcanic basement overlain by 15 m of silty mud with volcanic grave

 

UBI Pass 1: 146 - 247 m WMSF

UBI Pass 2: 110 - 244 m WMSF

Magnetic declination: - 4.34622°

 

The Ultrasonic Borehole Imager (UBI) provides an acoustic image of the borehole wall by scanning it with narrow pulsed acoustic beam from rotating transducer while the tool is pulled up the hole. The same transducer acts as a receiver and measures both the amplitude and transit time of the ultrasonic pulse. The tool is relatively insensitive to eccentralization up to 1/4 in. and in hard formations yields images that are clean and easy to interpret.

 

The purpose of this report is to describe the images from Hole U1440B and the different steps used to generate them from the raw UBI measurements. The median amplitude and radius measured by the UBI, together with inclinometry and gamma radiation logs from tools on the same tool string are presented with the 'standard' data.

 

 

UBI Logging Parameters

 

 

Pass
Logging Speed (ft/hr)

Frequency (kHz)

Vertical Resolution (inches)

Samples/Rotation
Image Quality
Pass 1
400
250
0.2
180
Poor
Pass 2

400

250
0.2
180
Poor

 

 

 

Data Quality

 

The UBI images obtained from Hole U1440B are generally of poor quality likely due to numerous sticky spots throughout the logged hole interval. Some issues were encountered getting the UBI started because of the presence of sticky mud at the bottom of the hole. As a result, the lowermost ~13 m of data are missing

.
Fractures and foliations can easily be identified; high angle fractures are easier to identify in the UBI images than on the FMS images. The FMS and UBI images are best interpreted side-by-side or in overlay, as the 360 degree coverage of the UBI images complement the higher-resolution FMS resistivity images. Moreover, the UBI and FMS images respond to contrasting physical properties, thus enabling differentiation of open and filled fractures.

 

Image Processing

 

The following corrections are often applied in GeoFrame's BorEID module:

 

Depth Shift to Sea Foor

The image data are shifted to the sea floor based on the loggers' sea floor depth determined from the step in gamma ray values during the standard data processing.

 

GPIT Speed Correction

Speed correction corrects for irregular changes in tool speed. Initially, depths are assigned based on the near-constant speed of the cable at the rig floor. The data from the z-axis accelerometer are used to correct the vertical position of the data for variations in the speed of the tool, including 'stick and slip'.

 

Transit-Time - Radius Conversion

The transit time measurement from the UBI scanner is converted to a borehole radius measurement given the velocity of ultrasound in the borehole fluid, and the tool radius.

 

Amplitude Eccentering Correction

When the tool is eccentered in a circular borehole, the amplitude is increased in the directions where the distance to the borehole wall is decreased and vice versa. This change in amplitude can often be larger than the changes in amplitude produced by features on the borehole wall that we wish to image. To correct for the effects of eccentering, low order angular harmonic components of the signal with a periodicity equal to 1 and 1/2 revolution are removed.

 

Transit-Time Eccentering Correction

The transit time signal is corrected in the same way as the amplitude.

 

Radius Eccentering Correction

The distance and direction of points on the borehole wall are initially given with the tool axis as the origin. The geometrical center of the points on the borehole wall is calculated, and the distance to those points is recalculated relative to the geometrical borehole center. Both corrected (IRBK) and uncorrected (XRBK) radius images are output. The uncorrected image should be used for analyses such as breakouts and dip computations.

 

Azimuth Equalization

The background response for all azimuths over a large window (e.g. 3 m) is equalized, removing preferential enlargement at a particular azimuth, e.g. the keyseat effect.

 

In order to enhance possible breakouts of the basement hole section in the UBI images, the "Equalization" option was not used during the BorEID processing.

 

The following three corrections are minor and will only be apparent in good (circular) borehole sections where the signal shows very small real variations:

 

EMEX Noise Filter

Gains Calibration

Sampling Bias Correction

Image Rotation

A tool specific rotation is necessary for the UBI to account for the alignment of the transducer (-17° in the case of the current tool).

 

Depth Adjustments

Typically, the UBI is run in hard rock holes where there is also good FMS data coverage. In this case, features such as fractures in the UBI images are depth-matched to the same features in the FMS images. In the WellEdit module of GeoFrame, the FMS images can then be overlaid on the UBI: the greater resolution of the FMS combined with the 360° coverage of the UBI images makes features in the borehole wall much easier to see and interpret. Where no FMS image is available, the UBI images are depth adjusted by matching the UBI tool string gamma ray log to the reference gamma ray log from the standard processing. During this data processing, no depth-matching was applied to the UBI images due to some technical issues with GeoFrame software.

 

Image Normalization

Image normalization is applied using GeoFrame's BorNor module.

In the 'static normalization', histogram equalization is used to obtain the maximum quality image. The amplitude range of the entire interval of good data is computed and partitioned into 256 color levels.

 

The image can be enhanced when it is desirable to highlight features in sections of the well where amplitude events are relatively subdued when compared with the overall amplitude range in the section. This enhancement is called 'dynamic normalization'. By rescaling the color intensity over a smaller interval, the contrast between adjacent amplitude levels is enhanced. It is important to note that with dynamic normalization, amplitude in two distant sections of the hole cannot be directly compared with each other. A 2-m normalization interval is used.

 

The UBI radius images from IRBK and XRBK logs are not normalized due to the nature of the radius, and are thus processed only by the BorEid module.

 

The processed amplitude and radius images presented on this website are shifted to a sea-floor reference and converted to gif files using in-house software. They are displayed as an unwrapped borehole cylinder. A dipping plane in the borehole will be displayed as a sinusoid on the image; the amplitude of this sinusoid is proportional to the dip of the plane. The images are oriented with respect to the North; hence the strike of dipping features can also be determined.

 

Interested scientists are welcome to visit the log interpretation center at LDEO if they wish to use the image generation and interpretation software.

 

Additional information about the drilling and logging operations can be found in the Operations and Downhole Measurements sections of the expedition report, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Expedition 352. For further questions about the logs, please contact:

 

Tanzhuo Liu

Phone: 845-365-8630

Fax: 845-365-8777

E-mail: Tanzhuo Liu

 

Cristina Broglia

Phone: 845-365-8343

Fax: 845-365-8777

E-mail: Cristina Broglia