Hole 1148A, Leg 184: FMS Processing Report

The basic principle of the FMS (Formation MicroScanner) is to map the conductivity of the borehole wall with a dense array of sensors. This provides a high resolution electrical image of the formation which can be displayed in either gray or color scale. The purpose of this report is to describe the images from Leg 184 and the different steps used to generate them from the raw FMS measurements.

The FMS tool records 4 perpendicular electrical images, using four pads, which are pressed against the borehole wall. Each pad has 16 buttons and the tool provides approximately 25% coverage of the borehole wall. The tool string also contains a triaxial accelerometer and three flux-gate magnetometers (in the GPIT, General Purpose Inclinometry Tool) whose results are used to accurately orient and position the images. Measurements of hole size, cable speed, and natural gamma ray intensity also contribute to the processing.

Hole 1148A

Location: Northern Margin South China Sea

FMS Pass 1: 225-705 mbsf

FMS Pass 2: 203-705 mbsf

Magnetic declination: - 7.725770

Water depth: 3305.5 mbrf

Due to the excellent hole conditions, the FMS images are of very good quality, especially in the interval from 470 to 555 mbsf, which had very poor core recovery. The FMS images reveal alternation of conductive (dark) and resistive (light) sediment layers in the entire log. There is a change in the cycles just below the reflective seismic sequence (from 440 to 475 mbsf): from 485 mbsf to the bottom of the hole, the scale of the cycles is extremely fine. Further investigations for these images should bring interesting information, especially as the cores for this sequence show very little lithologic variation.

Image Processing

Processing is required to convert the electrical current in the formation, emitted by the FMS button electrodes, into a gray or color-scale image representative of the conductivity changes. This is achieved through two main processing phases: data restoration and image display.

1) Data Restoration

Speed Correction. The data from the z-axis accelerometer is used to correct the vertical position of the data for variations in the speed of the tool ('GPIT speed correction'), including 'stick and slip'. In addition, 'image-based speed correction' is also applied to the data: the principle behind this is that if the GPIT speed correction is successful, the readings from the two rows of buttons on the pads will line up, and if not, they will be offset from each other (a zigzag effect on the image).

Equalization: Equalization is the process whereby the average response of all the buttons of the tool are rendered approximately the same over large intervals, to correct for various tool and borehole effects which affect individual buttons differently. These effects include differences in the gain and offset of the pre-amplification circuits associated with each button, and differences in contact with the borehole wall between buttons on a pad, and between pads.

Button Correction. If the measurements from a button are unreasonably different from its neighbors (e.g. 'dead buttons') over a particular interval, they are declared faulty, and the defective trace is replaced by traces from adjacent good buttons.

EMEX voltage correction. The button response (current) is controlled by the EMEX voltage, which is applied between the button electrode and the return electrode. The EMEX voltage is regulated to keep the current response within the operating range. The button response is divided by the EMEX voltage so that the response corresponds more closely to the conductivity of the formation.

Depth-shifting: Each of the logging runs are 'depth-matched' to a common scale by means of lining up distinctive features of the natural gamma log from each of the tool strings. If the reference logging run is not the FMS tool string, the specified depth shifts are applied to the FMS images. The position of data located between picks is computed by linear interpolation.

2) Image Display:

Once the data is processed, both 'static' and 'dynamic' images are generated; the differences between these two types of image are explained below.

"Static normalization" is the form of the data provided on this CD-ROM. A histogram equalization technique is used to obtain the maximum quality image. In this technique, the resistivity range of the entire interval of data is computed and partitioned into 256 color levels. This type of normalization is best suited for large-scale resistivity variations.

The image can be enhanced when it is desirable to highlight features in sections of the well where resistivity events are relatively subdued when compared with the overall resistivity range in the section. This enhancement is called "dynamic normalization". By rescaling the color intensity over a smaller interval, the contrast between adjacent resistivity levels is enhanced. It is important to note that with dynamic normalization, resisitivities in two distant sections of the hole cannot be directly compared with each other. Because the interval selection is subjective, no images showing dynamic normalization are included on the CD-ROM or in the online database. Interested scientists are welcome to visit one of the log interpretation centers at LDEO, Aachen, Leicester, Montpellier, or Tokyo (http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/BRG/ODP/STAFF) if they wish to use the image generation and interpretation software.

Oriented Presentation: The image is displayed as an unwrapped borehole cylinder (its circumference is derived from the bit size). Several passes can be oriented and merged together on the same presentation to give additional borehole coverage if the tool pads followed a different track. A dipping plane in the borehole will be displayed as a sinusoid on the image; the amplitude of this sinusoid is proportional to the dip of the plane. The images are oriented with respect to north, hence the strike of dipping features can also be determined.

For further information or questions about the processing, please contact:

Trevor Williams
Phone: 845-365-8626
Fax: 845-365-3182
E-mail: Trevor Williams

Cristina Broglia
Phone: 845-365-8343
Fax: 845-365-3182
E-mail: Cristina Broglia